Saturday, December 28, 2019

Social Stereotypes in America Essay - 1479 Words

Introduction Imagine that you are of Arab decent you being screened more thoroughly than others at the airport. The only way the airport staff can identify that you are of Arab decent is based on your family name, Najjar. The airport staff constantly takes extra measures to confirm that you are not a terrorist. Stereotypes have existed in American culture for centuries. Early in American history stereotypes of Negroes and Mexicans predominately associate them with lower-class attributes (Campbell, 1967). Major social events can have an effect on how various groups of people are viewed. For example, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, where several individuals of Arab decent brutally murdered hundreds of unsuspecting American†¦show more content†¦This research will examine the general perceptions of individuals based on the social connotations associated with their name and how it could affect their overall well-being. Smoking, body mass index, number of endocrine ailment, are the well being variables assessed in this study. Literature Review and Purpose) Racism and the Workplace Racism can be thought of as a superiority complex, in that some ethnicities are better or more superior to others (Bhopal, 2004). This complex is used to construct and validate actions that will build and maintain many constructs of discrimination and disproportion. Racial inequality and discrimination is ingrained in racism, it is a direct echo suffered by the minority individuals in a prejudiced society. One key factor when exploring how stereotyped individuals that have been victims of discrimination counter-act to stressors such as ethnic slurs, supremacy and other acts of environmental racism is whether or not they are affected contrarily. The Journal of Critical Public Health provides a more abstracted prospective of looking at individuals affected by racism. There are two distinct categories subjective discrimination and objective discrimination. A person directly experiencing racism is said to be subjective, contrarily those who observe the acts are said to be objective (Paradies, 2006). This aids us inShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes : The Way Men And Women Act1368 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics. Though these stereotypes are different, the generalizations inflict the same social limitations towards men and women in personal freedom in employability and behavior. Modern American stereotypes stem from the beliefs of older generations, which define the socially acceptab le standards of conduct of men and women. Despite recent movement towards more progressive beliefs in society, gender stereotypes remain stubbornly ingrained within the American culture. Gender stereotypes often show how olderRead MoreAMH 2097 Paper 21345 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen at the top of the social hierarchy ever since they arrived to America in the 1600s. The first wave of immigration consisted of the Germans, Irish and Chinese. The WASPs created a way to measure the success of each immigrant group. They acknowledged four factors of success that would show them whether an immigrant group was successful or not. The first factor of success was how much money an immigrant had when they came to America. The more money they came to America with, the more successfulRead MoreThe Life and Legacy of Dr. Kenneth B. Clark: The History of an African-American Psychologist904 Words   |  4 PagesTo address the concerns of social justice, while Clark was in office, he helped develop the Board of Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Psychology in 1972 (Pickren, 2002). Though Dr. Kenneth Clark has contributed much more to the world of psychology, he most importantly ope ned up and investigated racism and the psychological effects it has on children and has helped change the face of education in the process. Dr. Kenneth B. Clark’s legacy has lived on and will continue to inspire becauseRead MoreAmerica s Civil Rights Movement1524 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica has seen many civil rights movements. Yet, Americans cannot say that every race has gotten the civil rights many races have fought for. African American’s, in particular, have had a very hard time in America. On average a black job seeker must put in 15 applications to get a call back while whites only have to put in 10. This alone shows that America has not moved as far forward in civil and racial rights as some would like to think. To top that, African AMerican women are stereotyped andRead MoreWhat Can Educators Do For African Americans?815 Words   |  4 Pagescreate children to be new thinkers and inventors that tackle racial disparities? How do we destroy biased social structures in America? History has shaped the unequal treatment of African Americans by today’s society. Prudence Carter, Russell Skiba, Mariella Arredondo, and Mica Pollock’s (2014) declare history has set the foundation for the ideology race. Most problems of racial stereotypes began more than 100 years ago, but still plague minorities to this day. For example, in the 19TH century blackRead MoreMean Girls, directed by Mark Waters1221 Words   |  5 Pages Today is your first day of public high school in America. Mean Girls portrays high school to be a social jungle created by the girls in the American education system through a basic rise and fall plot, demonstration that the social ecology is more important than academics, and direction of typical high school stereotypes toward a teenage female audience. The basic plot of Mean Girls is that of an innocent new girl being thrown into the social jungle of American high school education and risingRead MoreRacial Stereotypes : The Black Men Are Good At Basketball1269 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 1301 Racial Stereotypes Instructor: Dr. Chim O. Ahanotu Trinity Lawrence May 2, 2016 â€Æ' For as long as the world has existed, there have been a number of stereotypes labeled upon people all because of their race. A stereotype is an oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Racial stereotypes should not exist. We should not assume things about people that may not be true. I have a dream that racial stereotypes seize to exist. As an African AmericanRead MoreThe Music Of The 1975 : An English Rock Band Originating From Cheshire, United Kingdom Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesattitudes towards America. The song, She’s American, recognizes the differences in culture between the US and their home country. It was inspired by the Englishman’s reaction towards a relationship with an American girl. This relationship ended fairly quickly due to the numerous differences Matt Healy realized he had with the American. These lines spoke to me, in particular, because of the way the lead singer/songwriter captures the essence of stereotypes. Matt Healy conveys the way social media influencesRead MoreStereotyping : Can We Prevent Stereotypes?1557 Words   |  7 Pagesin sport activities. Stereotype is similar, but not the same, to prejudice, the feeling of a person based off of their social status , and discrimination, the action of treating others different based off of their social status. Stereotyping is believed to be developed into our brains at a very young age from televisions and books. â€Å"During our youth, when our minds are the most malleable, books and television imprint irreversible stereotype onto our brains† from the stereotype article â€Å"Can We PreventRead MoreRacism And Racism1404 Words   |  6 Pagespromoted through law and social institutions. Using various means of dehumanization, marginalization of African Americans, and creating and legitimizing their image as a lower race, racism has been cultivated in society for hundreds of years. Gradually racism and racial stereotypes were woven into language, science, wide social opinion. The biological interpretation of the race has divided and labeled black by creating special conditions for them at all levels of social organization and hierarchy

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Developmental Stages And Theories Of Development - 861 Words

Developmental Stages and Theories There are many areas in which an individual must develop to reach a mature level of adulthood. Several theories and ideas have been created in an attempt to describe the process that in which the individual passes to reach the desired levels of maturity. A few of those theories will be addressed in better understanding the development of Precious on a psychological and social plane. It can be assumed from observing Precious that she has been biologically developing normal as she is experiencing growth and hormonal changes and dealing with acne and obesity. Psychological Erik Erikson, in seeking to understand and describe human development, developed a theory in the early 1900s. His theory progressed to assume that humans must deal with or cope with the conflicts of a certain stage of life before they can move on to a higher level of development (Ashford et al, 2013). He organized eight different stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age. Each of the eight stages represents an internal conflict that will greatly define who and individual becomes and the choices they will make later in life based on their experiences within each stage. During the adolescent years, the conflict of interest in Erikson’s psychosocial theory deals with identity and identity confusion (Ashford et al, 2013). These years are crucial in developing a youth’s self-esteem. Young people are highly self-conscious. Their perceptions of selfShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory And Theory908 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Erik Erikson’s theor y and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. The attachment theory focuses on the interaction an individual has and the impact it may have on their psychological and social development. Both theories believe that personality beginsRead MoreEducating Children With Essential Cognitive Development757 Words   |  4 PagesCurriculums Fostering Social Development Early childhood education programs provide children with essential cognitive development. These programs also foster social development. Children can learn the social rules for interacting with other children; for example, how to share their toys. Erikson’s theory is different from Piaget’s theory. â€Å"Erikson’s view is that the social environment combined with biological maturation provides each individual with a set of ‘crises’ that must be resolved† (HuittRead MoreJean Piagets Four Stages Of Cognitive Development1326 Words   |  6 PagesTheory Overview Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that the developmental process of a child is the result of their brains maturity, their nervous system, and environmental factors. He believes the foundation of a childs ability to learn is through discovery learning (Gordon Browne, 2016). Piaget suggests that a child’s logic of thinking is different from that of an adults. Children’s cognitive performance is directly related to the stage of development that they are in currentlyRead MoreHow Do Humans Develop Over A Lifetime? Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagestime is developmental psychology. Developmental psychology is the study of how humans develop relating to the mind, body, and spirit. It not only is an approach based on a micro sense, but on a macro sense as well. Micro meaning the development from baby to adult and macro meaning how a culture itself develops over a time span. Because developmental psychology is an umbrella term, it is used to describe a number of different disciples that are all focused on one common goal (Developmental Psychology)Read MoreSigmund Freud And Ericksons Developmental Theories1262 Words   |  6 PagesContrast of Freud and Erickson’s Developmental Theories The issue of human development has been a pertinent one within the human society. In this respect, there are several developmental theories that have been forwarded by some of the world’s most renowned psychologists. The two main psychoanalytic theories of concern are Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Sigmund Freud was a supporter of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and thus his theory is similar to the latter’sRead MoreMental Illness And Child Development881 Words   |  4 PagesMental Illness and Child Development Mental Illness is a prominent occurrence throughout the world and commonly overlooked in the development of children. From psychotic disorders, such as Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder to emotional dysregulation and mood disorders, such as Major Depression and Anxiety children are prone to such occurrences just as adults. Child development is a very broad subject that encompasses an array of environmental and biological factors contributing to theRead MoreUnderstanding Piaget Theory And Information Processing Theory1208 Words   |  5 Pagesof Cognitive theories has many different aspects that have been debated many years ago. Developmental psychologists try to explain cognitive development approaches which describe the process of human s thought. One of the developmental psychologist who studied on the area of cognitive was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget a Swiss psychologist was the first developmental researcher who has extensive research on cognitive development. In addit ion, the revolution of Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory has changedRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky s Theories1008 Words   |  5 Pagesfigures in the field of developmental psychology were now Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget†. Lourenà §o (2012) reiterated the importance of Piaget and Vygotsky as two influential developmental psychologists and added that â€Å"their contributions to developmental psychology, albeit different, are similarly remarkable and unique†. With examination and gained understanding of both, paired with consideration of differences and similarities, this paper reveals Piaget and Vygotsky’s theories as complementary in natureRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults The young adult has numerous stresses placed upon them through the route of development. Erikson has theorised developmental stages of growth into tasks. Of Eriksons theoretical tasks, one task describes the theory of intimacy versus isolation. This task theory can be examined using the normative crisis model. The knowledge of developmental tasks of the young adult can be beneficial to the nurse especially associated with their abilityRead MoreThe Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development814 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Selection Rational Understanding the eight stages of psychosocial development in a practical sense is vital to building a healthy student teacher relationship. I selected this theory to gain an understanding of how to effectively interact with my future students. This theory refines my ability to identify and gage my student’s unique psychological developmental progress. A deeper understanding of this enables me the ability to identify key developmental milestones and improve my lesson plans

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Virgin Mobile Pricing Case Analysis free essay sample

Target under-served market segment Acquire approx. million total subscribers by end of year 1; 3 million by end of year 4 Low manufacturing cost cell phones Virtually zero fixed cost Alternative, lower-cost distribution channels Targeted advertising using traditional and non-traditional media Minimized churn (increased switching cost) through introducing value added services like VirginXtras and customer loyalty benefits Partnerships with other vendors catering to target segment These qualities do not fly with the young â€Å"empowered† generation Dissatisfaction with status quo creates opportunity for Virgin Mobile Competition Top six players service 76% of cell phone subscribers Wireless Subscribers in US (Q4 2001, in millions) †¢ Concentrated market dominated by large players †¢ Highly competitive space; top 6 providers price competitively and fight for market share Leap. There are other means to reduce churn †¢ Currently area of frustration †¢ Can be avoided with pre-pay †¢ Reduces risk, works well for more transient customer †¢ Little incentive to switch or sign up otherwise Expected Outcome †¢ Fosters customer loyalty †¢ Higher trust, lower turnover †¢ Higher satisfaction †¢ No surprise charges †¢ Attracts target customer †¢ Bypasses credit checks and the need for parental sign-offs †¢ Competitive, simple pricing = high willingness to try. We will write a custom essay sample on Virgin Mobile Pricing Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Getting rid of these fees will not only differentiate Virgin from its competitors, it will give Virgin a huge competitive advantage over its competitors. This also makes sense since most of the Virgin’s costs are variable. Key Components Continued†¦ †¢ Prepaid use – In line with the previous recommendation of not having any contracts, credit checks and hidden (over-usage) fees, we recommend to adopt the Prepaid option. This will not only minimize the risk of default by customers, it will also offer them flexibility to choose the price range they desire. †¢ Increase the switching cost – Based on the recommendation of pre-paid option and having no contracts, high churn rate among customers is expected. Network effect will help mitigate this risk by building customer loyalty. We recommend considering options such as low rate for in-network calling and text messaging, ability to play games within network, and exclusive content agreement with other networks similar MTV to increase the life time value of each customer. In addition, ability to earn loyalty points across Virgin products and bundling of the auxiliary services with the minute purchases will help retain customers. Appendix Appendix A Headset Price Ladder Minimize entry costs for price sensitive 15-29 target segment $225 Incumbent Cost $50 subsidy $80 $75 $29. 99 Virgin Mobile Cost Incumbent Price to Customer Virgin Mobile Price to Customer Appendix B Rate per Minute Price Ladder Price competitively to attract target segment yet avoid triggering competitive reaction $0. 75 Highest pre-paid $0. 425 $0. 40 $0. 28 Average current pre-paid Overage charge Virgin recommended prepaid $0. 175 $0. 115 $0. 09 $0. 72 Industry clone Lower than industry Virgin cost to serve Sprint cost to serve Appendix C Pricing Detail See footnote Monthly cost to serve in line with given assumption of cost = 45% of revenue during the first year for Option 1 (17. 986/40 = 45%). Same cost assumed for Option 2 3 since cost should not vary based on per minute price charged.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

What Is Truth Essay Example For Students

What Is Truth? Essay What is Truth? Truth exists and is an absolute. Contrary to the mush-minded meanderings of modern educators, truth is not relative. If my truth differs from your truth that can only be because either one or both of us is unaware of the truth and has called something true which is not. Truth must have not the slightest touch of maybe to it. Maybe is dishonesty to truth and if it touches truth, then truth becomes maybe. Truth is more and beyond that which is true. Truth is a concept in philosophy that treats the meaning of true and the criteria by which we judge the truth or falsity in written and spoken statements. For thousands of years, Philosophers have attempted to answer the question ?What is TruthTruth is the quality of being true, and anything that is true is a truth, the concept of truth is uncommonly complex and variable. Thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and opinions are said to be true or false. An idea makes a truth claim and is true when the character of what is thought about uph olds its claim. Forms of words or statements are also said to be true or false. This can be explained by saying a set of words is true when it expresses a true thought. ?Truth? should be replaced by the ?facts?, ?reality? or the ?way things are.?Truth is often imagined as consisting in a speakers honesty with respect to what he believes. Occasionally truth is rehashed, as in the doctrines of the German philosopher Gottlob Frege. Mohandas Gandhi spoke of ?The Absolute Truth, the Eternal Principle, that is God? and said, ? I worship God as Truth only.? Jesus said, ? I am the Way, and the Truth, and the Life.? God is truth and the essence of it. All of his ways are truth and all truth stands or falls as it is measured against Him. If we love truth and seek after it, we cannot help but run into the outstretched arms of God. He wants us to know the truth, which is to know him. God places the truth before us and gives us complete freedom to choose how to respond to the truth. If we turn t o God and ask him to instruct us in the truth and to lead us to salvation, we will surely receive that which we ask because our prayer will be in line with Gods desire for us. The word truth is mentioned in the bible 235 times. Philosophers proposed four main theories to answer the ?What is Truth question. They are correspondence, pragmatic, coherence, and deflationary theories of truth. Plato developed the earliest version of the correspondence theory. He sought to understand the meaning of knowledge and how it is acquired. Plato wanted to distinguish between true and false belief. His theory was based on intuitive recognition that true statements correspond to the facts, while false statements do not. A 20th-century British philosopher Bertrand Russell and Plato recognized this theory unsatisfactory because it did not allow false belief. Both Russell and Plato stated that if a belief were false because there is no fact to prove it to be true, then it would be a belief about nothin g, or not even a belief at all. Each then thought that the grammar of a sentence could offer a way around this problem. But how, they asked, are the parts of a sentence related to reality? One suggestion is from the 20th-century philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. He stated that the parts of a sentence relate to the objects they describe much like the way the parts of a picture relate to the objects pictured. But false sentences pose a problem. If a false sentence pictures nothing, there can be no meaning in the sentence. The correspondence theory of truth is really no more than an expression of how the word ?truth? is defined. Some criticisms focus on an epistemological problem that is involved in knowing whether or not a proposition does indeed agree with the facts. We clearly do classify propositions as true or false in everyday life, but we cannot securely do so on the basis of their correspondence to reality. Charles S. Peirce who was an American philosopher in the 19th, offered a nother answer to the question. Pragmatists like Peirce say that the truth of our ideas must be tested through practice. He said that it is something that experts will agree upon when their investigations are final. He believed that our evolving species were a way to get evener closer to the truth. Some pragmatists questioned the usefulness of the idea of truth, stating that in evaluating our beliefs we should pay attention to the penalty that our beliefs have. William James defined the pragmatist theory of truth, as ?an idea is ?true so long as to believe it manifestly false. It is obvious to any person that a proposition is either true or false separately of the utility of our belief in it. Pragmatist philosophers twisted the meanings of words, so we have to make logical sense of pragmatism. William James, qualified his attitude by saying that a propositions being true consists in its being useful in the widest possible sense. The coherence theory also concerns the meaning of knowl edge. It states that a propositions truth consists in its fitting into a coherent system of propositions. Beliefs cover everything and do not contradict each other. The coherence theory is undoubtedly the better theory even here if only because there is an elegant economy in having a single over-arching theory of truth that encompasses all situations. .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 , .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .postImageUrl , .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 , .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:hover , .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:visited , .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:active { border:0!important; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:active , .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84 .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uddb4645b51ad06d8503b2049bb15ae84:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Coltrane Essay We will write a custom essay on What Is Truth? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now True has been linked with the Good and the Beautiful as one of mans supreme values. The pursuit of truth is indistinguishable in practice from the pursuit of knowledge, whether about the environment, nature, ethnical duties and ideas, or the relation to the divine. It has been doubted whether knowledge, or known truth, is humanly attainable. The truth is often disagreeable, because it fails to support prejudice or myth. The pursuit of truth tends to be suppressed as a dangerously revolutionary force. Some philosophers reject the question ?What is truth with the observation that attaching the claim ?it is true that? to a sentence adds no meaning. The use of the word true is essential when making a general claim about everything, nothing, or something, as in the statement ?most of what he says is true.?Truth is a very simple and handy concept. It is correspondence of a pictorial or symbolic representation to the thing being represented. In the case of a symbolic representation, the cor respondence may be massively complicated, but it is nonetheless similar in kind to a simple pictorial representation. References?Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98? on disk. 1993-1997?Encyclopedia Americana?, 1986 by Grolier Incorporated?Philosophy: History and Problems. Samuel Enoch Stumpf, Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994Philosophy Essays

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Antz vs. Anthem essays

Antz vs. Anthem essays The movie Antz and the book Anthem are really similar in the way that they have the same theme. In both of them we can see two characters (Z and Equality 7-2521) that emerge from society and suddenly realize that out there, there is a better reality. They live oppressed, wishing to find something new that satisfies them as individuals. The concept of evil is illustrated in both stories as the we or the colony. They try to rebel against the highest powers, one having positive results and the other one having negative results. Both of them are heroes trying to defeat what is called a collective society and create a new way of living. Successively both characters discover their need to act for themselves. Dating back since the people are conceived and mindless, the society in both the movie and the book oppresses them by determining what their job is going to be. In Antz the strongest are destined to be soldiers and the weak ones are fated to be workers. In Anthem this is different since the strong and knowledgeable ones are preplanned to have the lowest jobs in society. Equality 7-2521 is shown to be a skilled and enlightened character ever since he is born. The high powers have this in mind and send him to be a street sweeper, simultaneously sending the weak-minded ones to be part of the World Council. Another way they are oppressed is the separation of the social classes where they live. In Anthem they cant have interference with the members of other social classes; they can only talk to the members of their tribe or house. Due to this oppression they create an equal society where they grow faster and become a global power. Having the mentality that they live for the other, they w ork for the society and their needs, putting aside their own self-interests and desires. This way they make the colony or society grow faster and efficiently. The agent of evil in Antz is the general...

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Humanitarian Diplomacy

Humanitarian Diplomacy Free Online Research Papers â€Å"The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them.† In his address to a joint session of Congress on April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked for a Declaration of War against Germany, justifying leading â€Å"this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars† by emphasizing the importance of maintaining international peace and diplomacy through American intervention. In the years since World War I, American foreign policy has abandoned its isolationist immersion in domestic issues and has come to accept its newfound responsibility and leadership as a world power, making international relations and diplomacy a priority in its foreign policy. However, the United States has been criticized for letting its history of colonialism and exp ansion, as well as concern for its own national interest and economy, interfere with its humanitarian mission and for being selective and often contradictory on which conflicts and international crises in which it intervenes. In the wake of 9/11, lack of domestic support for the Iraq War and an increasing global resentment towards the United States, it is important to determine how the United States’ humanitarian agenda can be balanced with its national interest in terms of the economy, national security and collective ideology. Additionally, one must examine whether public opinion calls for a more isolationist foreign policy that uses deterrence and preemption to maintain peace and freedom or a more humanitarian mission that will use aid and military assistance to improve the United States’ image in the international community and alleviate poverty and suffering worldwide. The United States has a long history of intervention in foreign affairs, beginning as far back as the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine and the nation’s emergence as a world power (Tucker, 14). Through expansionism, isolationism, the â€Å"Good Neighbor† policy and more, U.S. foreign policy has always had a strong base in intervention and humanitarianism, whether out of a desire to control world affairs or a feeling of responsibility as a world power. In his 1904 annual message to Congress, Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared, â€Å"All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence whic h results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such impotence or wrongdoing, to the exercise of an international police power.† (â€Å"Roosevelt Corollary†) This willingness to act as a global â€Å"police power† and intervene on humanitarian grounds has been a dominant theme in 20th century foreign policy; however, in light of the recent war against terror and growing American backlash, these aims must be reexamined. Additionally, the domestic political considerations that lie beneath humanitarian efforts must be considered as well. In The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, William Appleman Williams outlines three major conceptions that guide the ideology of American foreign policy: the humanitarian impulse to help other people solve their problems, the principle of self-determination applied at the national level and the idea that other nations cannot truly solve their problems unless they use the same approach as the United States (Williams 13). However, the motivation behind foreign policy decisions is not always as selflessly benevolent as Williams describes it. A variety of American national interests, from international political influence to economic gain to national security, influence the decision to become involved in a humanitarian crisis (Ferer 49). Since the Monroe Doctrine, U.S. foreign policy has sought to gain political or economic influence through its intervention in foreign affairs, whether by setting up puppet governments in weak Latin American states or occupying territories in the Pacific (Ferer 51). For any capitalist society, the desire to reach into underdeveloped countries for new markets, raw materials, cheap labor and profitable investment of capital is understandable, but within American foreign policy, humanitarian efforts can have economically self-serving ulterior motives and place more emphasis on economic and political ends and means than on human rights. Prime examples of U.S. humanitarian intervention for political control are seen in our nation’s involvement in Latin America in the 20th century. After years of oppression by violent dictators and a desperate need for social change, U.S.-supported dictator Jorge Ubico was overthrown by revolution in 1944 and Juan Jose Arevalo was legally elected (Parenti 122). While he established free speech and press and education reform among other successes, he appeared to be a communist threat to the United States and the government arranged for him to be overthrown and set up another oppressive dictator in his place (Parenti 124). Another example is found in the United States’ support of the Contras in Nicauragua during the 1980s, as well as support for the oppressive governments of El Salvador, Guatamala and Honduras (Chatterjee 86). While the United States may claim to intervene to right a wrong or protect human rights, the action policy makers and administrators take may no t always be in the best interest of the nation, but in the best interest of the so-called liberator. By setting up pro-U.S., anti-socialist dictators, the United States allowed for influence in the nation’s politics and economy and increased access to the nation’s trade and resources. Another motivation for humanitarian intervention is the protection of national security and the prevention of war or terrorist attack. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II and joined the Allied forces out of a concern for its national security and a desire to eliminate the fascist threat and maintain peace and democracy (Ambrose 15). Besides having the staunch support of American citizens, the war not only neutralized the Axis powers, but established America as a world power and Germany and Japan as newly democratic capitalist nations and allies to the West (Ambrose 33-34). As the war was fought in direct retaliation to an attack on American soil and in response to a significant threat to freedom and human rights, political and economic interests did not affect American motivation to engage in the war. However, not all humanitarian interventions on behalf of national security and international peace are as pure-intentioned or as well s upported as World War II. The current Iraq War, fought in response to Saddam Hussein’s human rights abuses and a suspicion of weapons of mass destruction, has had considerable amounts of both setbacks and scandals. From a lack of popular support for the war and problems with insurgency and anti-American sentiment worldwide to the war profiteering of private corporations in Iraq, high number of casualties and misbehavior of U.S. troops, the Iraq War has been plagued with problems despite having a goal of maintaining domestic and international security. However, some humanitarian crises receive little to no consideration on a foreign policy agenda due to their lack of correlation to the national interest. While the United States commends itself as a defender of freedom, regional conflicts or human rights violations that do not pose a threat to the United States’ national security or economic and poltical interests – no matter how many casualties – may not be viewed as a priority. In 1994, radical Hutus attempted to eradicate the Tutsi population in Rwanda, leaving one million dead in less than three months while the international community dragged their feet (DiPrizio 61). While the genocide was well publicized, the U.S. hardly responded and only sent troops and a humanitarian relief operation well after the genocide ended (DiPrizio 61). Little over ten years later, the Darfur region of Sudan came under attack from government-sponsored Arab militias that massacred over 200,000 people and left countless more as refugees but the United States continues to avoid involvement (â€Å"Darfur†). Although the United States claims to be a protector of human rights, the lack of intervention in such sizable humanitarian crises were due to a lack of political or economic incentive. Because the violence was contained to the borders of Sudan and Rwanda and did not threaten American resources, such human rights violations are apparently not enough of a priority to act upon. In light of the anti-American backlash worldwide, the threat of terrorism worldwide and the challenge of balancing American national interests with protecting human rights and international peace, would an isolationist foreign policy be more beneficial? While the United States has historically had periods of isolationist foreign policy, it seems almost impossible to remain self-contained and self-sufficient in today’s globalized society and interdependent marketplace. With the rise of trade agreements that open new borders and increased American dependence on foreign products and resources, it would be near impossible not to become involved in international affairs without alienating trade partners or losing influence in global politics. By becoming involved in humanitarian crises strictly in the defense of human rights and not self-interest, the United States would undoubtedly maintain peace without making as many enemies and eventually worsening the quality of life for o thers. Additionally, the United States needs to rebuild alliances with old and new allies and use the power of the United Nations and other international organizations in its endeavors (Lefever 45). While the United States would be wise to use its economic and military power to preempt acts of violence and maintain peace, military force and intervention in foreign government should be a last resort and not a means to police other nations. After an examination of American motives for humanitarian intervention, historical incidents and approaches to policy making and policy ideology, it becomes clear that humanitarianism is inextricably linked with the United States’ foreign policy mission. As a self-described defender of liberty and democracy in a globalized and interdependent world, the United States must continue to intervene to protect its own political and economic interests as well as take precautions and even drastic action to preserve peace and democracy around the world. Rather than use excessive military force and act alone in its intervention efforts, the United States would be more successful in its efforts if it was more effective in using the support of the United Nations and other international organizations and take a more aid-based approach, only using military force as a last resort when sanctions and economic pressure do not cease the violence or violations. America must give more foresight to its policy choices and strike a balance between its national interests and its national ideology while ensuring that its involvement in a humanitarian crisis will be in the best interests of the afflicted nation and that its relationships within the international community remain sound. Ambrose, Stephen E., and Douglas G. Brinkley. Rise to Globalism. 8th ed. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. Appleman Williams, William. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York: Dell Co., 1972. Chatterjee, Deen K., and Don E. Scheid. Ethics and Foreign Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. â€Å"Darfur.† Wikipedia. 22 Apr 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur Diprizio, Robert C. Armed Humanitarians. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 2002. Farer, Tom J. Toward a Humanitarian Diplomacy. New York: New York UP, 1980. Lefever, Ernest W. Ethics and United States Foreign Policy. Cleveland: The World Company, 1967. Lepard, Brian D. Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2002. Parenti, Michael. Trends and Tragedies in American Foreign Policy. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971. Roosevelt Corollary. Wikipedia. 22 Apr. 2007. . Ross Fowler, Michael. Contending Approaches to Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Policy. Lanham: University P of America, 1987. Tucker, Robert W. Nation or Empire: the Debate Over American Foreign Policy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1968. Wilson, Woodrow. Address. Congress, Washington D.C. 2 Apr. 1917. 24 Apr. 2007 . Research Papers on Humanitarian DiplomacyAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Crime in Perspective-105 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime in Perspective-105 - Essay Example One’s personal contention is that crime is the result of environmental conditions, such as poverty, urban pressures and a poor home life, which is consistent with social theories where society fails to control and monitor activities that could prevent criminal behavior. Crime is the result of failure to establish strong bonds with society: family, community, and productive peers. The strong attachment and appropriate support from parents and siblings could provide the initial and crucial bond to prevent tendencies for criminal behavior. Likewise, the involvement in rewarding activities, including pursuing continuing education and the recognition to contribute to society through employment would enable one to refrain from delinquent behavior. The circle of friends with positive backgrounds would provide one with a holistic and well balanced disposition in life. When society fails to provide an appropriate environment that would support and sustain humane living conditions and h as inefficiently implemented rules and legislations that would monitor and prevent deviant behavior, then, an environment of crime is initiated. References Reader's Digest.